engineering practice

SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering

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Rankine was educated at Ayr Academy and Glasgow High School, although he appears to have learned much of his basic mathematics and physics through private study. He attended Edinburgh University and then assisted his father, who was acting as Superintendent of the Edinburgh and Dalkeith Railway. This introduction to engineering practice was followed in 1838 by his appointment as a pupil to Sir John MacNeill, and for the next four years he served under MacNeill on his Irish railway projects. While still in his early twenties, Rankine presented pioneering papers on metal fatigue and other subjects to the Institution of Civil Engineers, for which he won a prize, but he appears to have resigned from the Civils in 1857 after an argument because the Institution would not transfer his Associate Membership into full Membership. From 1844 to 1848 Rankine worked on various projects for the Caledonian Railway Company, but his interests were becoming increasingly theoretical and a series of distinguished papers for learned societies established his reputation as a leading scholar in the new science of thermodynamics. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1853. At the same time, he remained intimately involved with practical questions of applied science, in shipbuilding, marine engineering and electric telegraphy, becoming associated with the influential coterie of fellow Scots such as the Thomson brothers, Napier, Elder, and Lewis Gordon. Gordon was then the head of a large and successful engineering practice, but he was also Regius Professor of Engineering at the University of Glasgow, and when he retired from the Chair to pursue his business interests, Rankine, who had become his Assistant, was appointed in his place.

From 1855 until his premature death in 1872, Rankine built up an impressive engineering department, providing a firm theoretical basis with a series of text books that he wrote himself and most of which remained in print for many decades. Despite his quarrel with the Institution of Civil Engineers, Rankine took a keen interest in the institutional development of the engineering profession, becoming the first President of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland, which he helped to establish in 1857. Rankine campaigned vigorously for the recognition of engineering studies as a full university degree at Glasgow, and he achieved this in 1872, the year of his death. Rankine was one of the handful of mid-nineteenth century engineers who virtually created engineering as an academic discipline.

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SUBJECT AREA: Electricity, Electronics and information technology, Public utilities

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After attending Owens College, Manchester, Hopkinson was admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1867 to read for the Mathematical Tripos. An appointment in 1872 with the lighthouse department of the Chance Optical Works in Birmingham directed his attention to electrical engineering. His most noteworthy contribution to lighthouse engineering was an optical system to produce flashing lights that distinguished between individual beacons. His extensive researches on the dielectric properties of glass were recognized when he was elected to a Fellowship of the Royal Society at the age of 29. Moving to London in 1877 he became established as a consulting engineer at a time when electricity supply was about to begin on a commercial scale. During the remainder of his life, Hopkinson's researches resulted in fundamental contributions to electrical engineering practice, dynamo design and alternating current machine theory. In making a critical study of the Edison dynamo he developed the principle of the magnetic circuit, a concept also arrived at by Gisbert Kapp around the same time. Hopkinson's improvement of the Edison dynamo by reducing the length of the field magnets almost doubled its output. In 1890, in addition to-his consulting practice, Hopkinson accepted a post as the first Professor of Electrical Engineering and Head of the Siemens laboratory recently established at King's College, London. Although he was not involved in lecturing, the position gave him the necessary facilities and staff and student assistance to continue his researches. Hopkinson was consulted on many proposals for electric traction and electricity supply, including schemes in London, Manchester, Liverpool and Leeds. He also advised Mather and Platt when they were acting as contractors for the locomotives and generating plant for the City and South London tube railway. As early as 1882 he considered that an ideal method of charging for the supply of electricity should be based on a two-part tariff, with a charge related to maximum demand together with a charge for energy supplied. Hopkinson was one the foremost expert witnesses of his day in patent actions and was himself the patentee of over forty inventions, of which the three-wire system of distribution and the series-parallel connection of traction motors were his most successful. Jointly with his brother Edward, John Hopkinson communicated the outcome of his investigations to the Royal Society in a paper entitled "Dynamo Electric Machinery" in 1886. In this he also described the later widely used "back to back" test for determining the characteristics of two identical machines. His interest in electrical machines led him to more fundamental research on magnetic materials, including the phenomenon of recalescence and the disappearance of magnetism at a well-defined temperature. For his work on the magnetic properties of iron, in 1890 he was awarded the Royal Society Royal Medal. He was a member of the Alpine Club and a pioneer of rock climbing in Britain; he died, together with three of his children, in a climbing accident.

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. в каждодневной практике; принято; типичный

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Such a stringent standard is now routinely met.

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Liquid diffraction patterns characteristically show one or two maxima that correspond to...

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The great majority of routinely detected events can be classified as earthquakes.

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The receptacle is conventionally 2-wire, 120-volt, 15-ampere.

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That is how the logarithms are conventionally tabulated.

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This inert phase is normally a gel structure.

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Engineering practice is to express quantities in lb/h.

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Group I members tend to have relatively few nucleosides of this sort.

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Such lasers typically generate pulses of 5—10 ns duration.

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Traditionally, the residual bottoms have been blended with lighter stocks.

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It is usual to check the... level whenever there is any doubt.

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In this application it is common (or usual) to employ...

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It is common for metabolic pathways to exhibit some form of cyclic pattern.

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The atomic weight is commonly called the mass number.

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The commonly used gases are seldom pure enough for use with these sensitive detectors.

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The head gain is customarily measured in inches of water.

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It is customary to install a pump having two or three stages.

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The factor is generally taken to be equal to unity.

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A field lens is generally placed behind the reticle.

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Floating roof tanks are normally employed for prevention of loss through evaporation.

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The temperature at this point is ordinarily the same as that of the forward cylinder section.

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Where it is suspected that... it is the practice (or custom) to steam out the coils.

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In large marine installations it is standard (or usual) practice to use...

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The sensitivity for detection is typically (or usually, or generally, or commonly, or as a rule) five times as great as...

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In designing such packed columns, it is common (or general) practice to assume "piston", or "plug" flow.

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The regions of strongest divergence tend to be found over the subtropical regions.

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Many plant breeders make a practice of having different batches of seed treated with gamma rays, neutrons and one chemical mutagen.

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For a long time questions related to insulation were apt to be ignored.

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The usual way to stop the intrusion has been to drill... (геол.).

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In this way dye molecules can enter more freely otherwise inaccessible dye-sites.

1) Military: live practice, target practice

2) Engineering: practice fire

3) Astronautics: practice

SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering

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Samuel Downing had a formative influence on the development of engineering education in Ireland. He was educated at Kilkenny College and Trinity College, Dublin, where he took a BA in 1834. He subsequently attended courses in natural philosophy at Edinburgh, before taking up work as a railway and bridge engineer. Amongst structures on which he worked were the timber viaduct connecting Portland Island to the mainland in Dorset, England, and the curved viaduct at Coed-re-Coed on the Taff Vale Railway, Wales. In 1847 he was persuaded to return to Trinity College, Dublin, as Assistant to Sir John MacNeill, who had been appointed Professor of Engineering in the School of Engineering on its establishment in 1842. MacNeill always found it difficult to give up time on his engineering practice to spend on his teaching duties, so the addition of Downing to the staff gave a great impetus to the effectiveness of the School. When MacNeill retired from the Chair in 1852, Downing was his obvious successor and held the post until his death. For thirty years Downing devoted his engineering expertise and the energy of his warm personality to the School of Engineering and its students, of whom almost four hundred passed through the School in the years when he was responsible for it.

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1) Engineering: design technique

2) Economy: design procedure

3) Architecture: design practice

4) Sakhalin energy glossary: Design Engineering Practice (Shell)

5) Quality control: design policy

1) Atomic energy: engineering design

2) Sakhalin energy glossary: design practice

3) Programming: engineering practice (напр. программного обеспечения)

• common engineering practice

• standard engineering practice

1) Engineering: engineering practice

2) Makarov: engineering practices

1) Military: blank ammunition firing

2) Engineering: practice with blank cartridges

3) Arms production: firing blank, practice with blank cartridge

1) Aviation: training mission

2) Engineering: practice flight (для повышения практических навыков после перерыва), practice operation, training flight, training operation

3) Aviation medicine: training flying